THORIUM, Th (90)

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ATOMIC ARCHITECTURE

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OVERVIEW

THORIUM

Th (90)

ˈθɔːriəm

PHONETICS

IDENTIFICATION

Thorium is one of only three radioactive elements that occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial element (the other two being bismuth and uranium). As a metal and exposed to air, it is weakly radioactive. All its known isotopes are unstable, with the six naturally occurring ones (thorium-227, 228, 230, 231, 232, and 234) having half-lives between 25.52 hours and 14.05 billion years.

ELEMENT BRIEF

1829 by Jöns Berzelius, Sweden.

DISCOVERY

From the name Thor, the mythological Scandinavian god of war.

ETYMOLOGY

Thorium

ELEMENT

Th

SYMBOL

90

ATOMIC NUMBER

7440-29-1

CAS NUMBER

PHYSICAL

element

ELEMENTAL SPECTRUM

Silver

ELEMENTAL COLOUR

-

REFRACTIVE INDEX

0.270

POISSON RATIO

19.706 cm³

MOLAR VOLUME

400.00M Pa, 3.947'7k Atm

BRINELL HARDNESS

3.00

MOHS HARDNESS

350.00M Pa, 3.454'2k Atm

VICKERS HARDNESS

2,490 m/s, Mach 7.259'5

SPEED OF SOUND

54.00G Pa, 532.938'6k Atm

BULK MODULUS

31.00G Pa, 305.946'2k Atm

SHEAR MODULUS

79.00G Pa, 779.669'4k Atm

YOUNG MODULUS

ALLOTROPES

element

element

THERMODYNAMIC

2,023.15 K, 1,750.00 °C

MELTING POINT

5,093.15 K, 4,820.00 °C

BOILING POINT

403.15 K, 130.00 °C

AUTOMATIC IGNITION

-

FLASHPOINT

-

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

-

CRITICAL PRESSURE

54.000'000 W/(m K)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

0.000'011'0 K¯¹

THERMAL EXPANSION

118.00 J/(kg K)

SPECIFIC HEAT

16.000 kJ/mol

HEAT FUSION

530.000 kJ/mol

HEAT VAPORISATION

-

HEAT COMBUSTION

-

CURIE POINT

-

NEEL POINT

-

ADIABATIC INDEX

Solid

PHASE

ELECTROMAGNETIC

Conductor

ELECTRICAL TYPE

6.70M S/m

CONDUCTIVITY

150.00n Ω.m

RESISTIVITY

1.380 K

SUPERCONDUCTING POINT

-

MAGNETIC TYPE

0.000'000'005'3

MASS SUSCEPTIBILITY

0.000'000'001'230'00

MOLAR SUSCEPTIBILITY

0.000'062'100'00

VOLUME SUSCEPTIBILITY

STRUCTURE

Actinide

CLASSIFICATION

231.035'595'0

ATOMIC WEIGHT

180 pm

ATOMIC RADIUS

175 pm

COVALENT RADIUS SINGLE BOND

143 pm

COVALENT RADIUS DOUBLE BOND

136 pm

COVALENT RADIUS TRIPLE BOND

237 pm

VAN DER WAALS RADIUS

[Rn]7s²6d²

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Cubic, Face-centred

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

11.724'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS SOLID

-

DENSITY AS LIQUID

-

DENSITY AS GAS

Fm_3m

SPACE GROUP NAME

225

SPACE GROUP NUMBER

π/2, π/2 π/2

LATTICE ANGLES

508.42, 508.42 508.42 pm

LATTICE CONSTANTS

REACTIVITY

4

VALENCE

1.3

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

-

ELECTRON AFFINITY

IONISATION ENERGY

element

element

element

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ELEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION

0.000'000'04 %

UNIVERSE

0.000'003'9 %

METEORITES

0.000'000'094 %

SUN

0.000'6 %

EARTH CRUST

0.000'000'000'004 %

OCEANS

-

HUMANS

ISOTOPES

1.41 x 10¹⁰ Years

HALF LIFE

2.03 x 10¹⁰ Years

LIFETIME

6d² = 6, 2, -1, +1/2

QUANTUM NUMBERS

13.360'00 b σ_s

NEUTRON CROSS SECTION

7.370'00 b σ_a

NEUTRON MASS ABSORPTION

STABLE ISOTOPES

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UNSTABLE ISOTOPES

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ISOTOPIC CHAIN

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Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment		Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Probability		A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	A03 Decay Probability		A03 Decay Mode	A03 Decay Energy		A03 Decay Daughter	A03 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide	Y03 Decay Product Yield		Y03 Decay Product Nuclide	Y04 Decay Product Yield		Y04 Decay Product Nuclide	Y05 Decay Product Yield		Y05 Decay Product Nuclide	Y06 Decay Product Yield		Y06 Decay Product Nuclide	Y07 Decay Product Yield		Y07 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_090_th_209_u	Unstable	²⁰⁹Th	Fermion	90	p	119	n	5/2	-1	209.017'715'682'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	51.508'000'000'0	MeV	7.558'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.22E-10	year	7.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	α	8,238.000	keV	²⁰⁵Ra	²⁰⁹Th > [ ? % , α , 8,238.0 keV ] > ²⁰⁵Ra			β+	6,635.000	keV	²⁰⁹Ac	²⁰⁹Th > [ , β+ , 6,635.0 keV ] > ²⁰⁹Ac								?	%	²⁰⁵Tl	?	%	¹⁸⁹Os	?	%	²⁰¹Hg
Isotope_090_th_210_u	Unstable	²¹⁰Th	Boson	90	p	120	n	0	1	210.015'075'342'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	16.502'052'000'0	MeV	16.502'052'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.39E-10	year	17.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	99.000'000	%	α	8,052.600	keV	²⁰⁶Ra	²¹⁰Th > [ 99 % , α , 8,052.6 keV ] > ²⁰⁶Ra			β+	4,230.800	keV	²¹⁰Ac	²¹⁰Th > [ , β+ , 4,230.8 keV ] > ²¹⁰Ac								48.529'800	%	¹⁹⁴Pt	39.523'765	%	¹⁹⁸Hg	11.842'763	%	²⁰²Hg	?	%	¹⁹³Ir	?	%	¹⁹⁷Au
Isotope_090_th_211_u	Unstable	²¹¹Th	Fermion	90	p	121	n	5/2	-1	211.014'928'413'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	14.042'591'000'0	MeV	7.669'156'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.52E-9	year	48.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	99.500'000	%	α	7,942.900	keV	²⁰⁷Ra	²¹¹Th > [ 99.5 % , α , 7,942.9 keV ] > ²⁰⁷Ra			β+	5,679.000	keV	²¹¹Ac	²¹¹Th > [ , β+ , 5,679.0 keV ] > ²¹¹Ac								67.217'138	%	¹⁹⁹Hg	28.003'971	%	²⁰³Tl	4.432'725	%	¹⁹⁵Pt	0.222'043	%	²⁰⁶Pb	?	%	¹⁹⁰Os	?	%	¹⁷⁸Hf
Isotope_090_th_212_u	Unstable	²¹²Th	Boson	90	p	122	n	0	1	212.012'980'288'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	13.905'728'000'0	MeV	7.671'711'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.14E-9	year	36.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	α	7,952.300	keV	²⁰⁸Ra	²¹²Th > [ 100 % , α , 7,952.3 keV ] > ²⁰⁸Ra			β+	3,790.300	keV	²¹²Ac	²¹²Th > [ , β+ , 3,790.3 keV ] > ²¹²Ac								61.865'533	%	²⁰⁰Hg	0.000'005	%	²⁰⁸Pb	0.000'002	%	¹⁹²Pt	0.378'013	%	²⁰⁷Pb
Isotope_090_th_213_u	Unstable	²¹³Th	Fermion	90	p	123	n	5/2	-1	213.013'010'140'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	12.091'061'000'0	MeV	7.682'156'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.44E-9	year	140.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	α	7,839.000	keV	²⁰⁹Ra	²¹³Th > [ ? % , α , 7,839.0 keV ] > ²⁰⁹Ra			β+	4,971.700	keV	²¹³Ac	²¹³Th > [ , β+ , 4,971.7 keV ] > ²¹³Ac								?	%	²⁰⁵Tl	?	%	²⁰¹Hg	?	%	¹⁹⁷Au	0.000'000	%	¹⁸⁸Os	?	%	¹⁹⁶Pt	?	%	¹⁸⁰Hf	?	%	¹⁷⁶Hf
Isotope_090_th_214_u	Unstable	²¹⁴Th	Boson	90	p	124	n	0	1	214.011'499'770'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	12.118'868'000'0	MeV	7.683'852'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-9	year	100.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	α	7,825.980	keV	²¹⁰Ra	²¹⁴Th > [ 100 % , α , 7,825.98 keV ] > ²¹⁰Ra			β+	3,260.800	keV	²¹⁴Ac	²¹⁴Th > [ , β+ , 3,260.8 keV ] > ²¹⁴Ac								60.912'859	%	²⁰²Hg	37.978'499	%	²⁰⁶Hg	1.751'918	%	¹⁹⁸Hg
Isotope_090_th_215_u	Unstable	²¹⁵Th	Fermion	90	p	125	n	1/2	-1	215.011'730'330'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	10.711'967'000'0	MeV	7.692'237'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.80E-8	year	1.200	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	α	7,665.350	keV	²¹¹Ra	²¹⁵Th > [ 100 % , α , 7,665.35 keV ] > ²¹¹Ra															73.669'980	%	²⁰⁷Pb	26.345'277	%	²⁰³Tl	0.021'486	%	¹⁹⁹Hg
Isotope_090_th_216_u	Unstable	²¹⁶Th	Boson	90	p	126	n	0	1	216.011'062'115'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	10.926'733'000'0	MeV	7.693'001'000'0	MeV	-		-		8.49E-10	year	26.800	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	α	8,070.800	keV	²¹²Ra	²¹⁶Th > [ 100 % , α , 8,070.8 keV ] > ²¹²Ra			β+	1,159.400	keV	²¹⁶Ac	²¹⁶Th > [ , β+ , 1,159.4 keV ] > ²¹⁶Ac								0.347'820	%	²⁰⁰Hg	0.001'050	%	²⁰⁸Pb
Isotope_090_th_217_u	Unstable	²¹⁷Th	Fermion	90	p	127	n	9/2	1	217.013'114'328'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	10.304'294'000'0	MeV	7.697'634'000'0	MeV	-		-		7.61E-12	year	240.000	micro-seconds ( x⁻⁶ )	100.000'000	%	α	9,433.350	keV	²¹³Ra	²¹⁷Th > [ 100 % , α , 9,433.35 keV ] > ²¹³Ra															80.305'652	%	²⁰⁵Tl	0.005'440	%	²⁰¹Hg
Isotope_090_th_218_u	Unstable	²¹⁸Th	Boson	90	p	128	n	0	1	218.013'284'499'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	12.215'918'000'0	MeV	7.690'547'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.45E-15	year	109.000	nano-seconds ( x⁻⁹ )	100.000'000	%	α	9,849.010	keV	²¹⁴Ra	²¹⁸Th > [ 100 % , α , 9,849.01 keV ] > ²¹⁴Ra															90.827'103	%	²⁰⁶Pb	5.232'000	%	²⁰²Hg	0.052'320	%	¹⁹⁸Hg

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