PALLADIUM, Pd (46)

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ATOMIC ARCHITECTURE

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Palladium

···

OVERVIEW

PALLADIUM

Pd (46)

pəˈleɪdiəm

PHONETICS

IDENTIFICATION

Palladium is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal and part of the platinum group metals and has the lowest melting point and density. Used mainly with its congener platinum into catalytic converters, which convert up to 90% of harmful gases from auto exhaust.

ELEMENT BRIEF

1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, England.

DISCOVERY

Named after the Greek 'Pallas', goddess of wisdom.

ETYMOLOGY

Palladium

ELEMENT

Pd

SYMBOL

46

ATOMIC NUMBER

7440-05-3

CAS NUMBER

PHYSICAL

ELEMENTAL SPECTRUM

Silver

ELEMENTAL COLOUR

-

REFRACTIVE INDEX

0.390

POISSON RATIO

8.832 cm³

MOLAR VOLUME

37.30M Pa, 368.122'4 Atm

BRINELL HARDNESS

4.75

MOHS HARDNESS

461.00M Pa, 4.549'7k Atm

VICKERS HARDNESS

3,070 m/s, Mach 8.950'4

SPEED OF SOUND

180.00G Pa, 1.776'5M Atm

BULK MODULUS

44.00G Pa, 434.246'2k Atm

SHEAR MODULUS

121.00G Pa, 1.194'2M Atm

YOUNG MODULUS

ALLOTROPES

NONE

THERMODYNAMIC

1,828.05 K, 1,554.90 °C

MELTING POINT

3,236.15 K, 2,963.00 °C

BOILING POINT

-

AUTOMATIC IGNITION

-

FLASHPOINT

-

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

-

CRITICAL PRESSURE

72.000'000 W/(m K)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

0.000'011'8 K¯¹

THERMAL EXPANSION

240.00 J/(kg K)

SPECIFIC HEAT

16.700 kJ/mol

HEAT FUSION

-

HEAT VAPORISATION

-

HEAT COMBUSTION

-

CURIE POINT

-

NEEL POINT

-

ADIABATIC INDEX

Solid

PHASE

ELECTROMAGNETIC

Conductor

ELECTRICAL TYPE

10.00M S/m

CONDUCTIVITY

100.00n Ω.m

RESISTIVITY

-

SUPERCONDUCTING POINT

Paramagnetic

MAGNETIC TYPE

0.000'000'065'7

MASS SUSCEPTIBILITY

0.000'000'006'992'00

MOLAR SUSCEPTIBILITY

0.000'789'900'00

VOLUME SUSCEPTIBILITY

STRUCTURE

Transition Metal

CLASSIFICATION

106.192'703'8

ATOMIC WEIGHT

169 pm

ATOMIC RADIUS

120 pm

COVALENT RADIUS SINGLE BOND

117 pm

COVALENT RADIUS DOUBLE BOND

112 pm

COVALENT RADIUS TRIPLE BOND

202 pm

VAN DER WAALS RADIUS

[Kr]4d¹⁰

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Cubic, Face-centred

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

12.023'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS SOLID

10.380'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS LIQUID

-

DENSITY AS GAS

Fm_3m

SPACE GROUP NAME

225

SPACE GROUP NUMBER

π/2, π/2 π/2

LATTICE ANGLES

389.07, 389.07 389.07 pm

LATTICE CONSTANTS

REACTIVITY

4

VALENCE

2.2

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

54.24 kJ/mol

ELECTRON AFFINITY

IONISATION ENERGY

ELEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION

0.000'000'2 %

UNIVERSE

0.000'066 %

METEORITES

0.000'000'3 %

SUN

0.000'000'63 %

EARTH CRUST

-

OCEANS

-

HUMANS

ISOTOPES

Stable

HALF LIFE

Stable

LIFETIME

4d¹⁰ = 4, 2, +2, -1/2

QUANTUM NUMBERS

4.480'00 b σ_s

NEUTRON CROSS SECTION

6.900'00 b σ_a

NEUTRON MASS ABSORPTION

STABLE ISOTOPES

UNSTABLE ISOTOPES

ISOTOPIC CHAIN

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment		Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_046_pd_91_u	Unstable	⁹¹Pd	Fermion	46	p	45	n	7/2	0	90.949'110'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-47.403'000'000'0	MeV	8.197'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-10	year	10.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β+	10,678.000	keV	⁹¹Rh	⁹¹Pd > [ ? % , β+ , 10,678.0 keV ] > ⁹¹Rh						?	%	⁹¹Zr	?	%	⁹⁰Zr
Isotope_046_pd_92_u	Unstable	⁹²Pd	Boson	46	p	46	n	0	1	91.940'420'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-55.498'000'000'0	MeV	8.283'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.49E-8	year	1.100	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	6,840.000	keV	⁹²Rh	⁹²Pd > [ 100 % , β+ , 6,840.0 keV ] > ⁹²Rh	β+p	?	keV	⁹¹Rh	⁹²Pd > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁹¹Rh	?	%	⁹¹Zr	?	%	⁹²Zr
Isotope_046_pd_93_u	Unstable	⁹³Pd	Fermion	46	p	47	n	9/2	1	92.935'910'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-59.699'000'000'0	MeV	8.326'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.39E-8	year	1.070	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	8,451.000	keV	⁹³Rh	⁹³Pd > [ 100 % , β+ , 8,451.0 keV ] > ⁹³Rh	β+p	?	keV	⁹²Rh	⁹³Pd > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁹²Rh	100.000'000	%	⁹³Nb	?	%	⁹²Zr
Isotope_046_pd_94_u	Unstable	⁹⁴Pd	Boson	46	p	48	n	0	1	93.928'770'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-66.350'000'000'0	MeV	8.394'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.85E-7	year	9.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	5,566.000	keV	⁹⁴Rh	⁹⁴Pd > [ 100 % , β+ , 5,566.0 keV ] > ⁹⁴Rh						98.000'000	%	⁹⁴Mo	1.800'000	%	⁹³Nb
Isotope_046_pd_95_u	Unstable	⁹⁵Pd	Fermion	46	p	49	n	9/2	1	94.924'690'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-70.151'000'000'0	MeV	8.431'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-7	year	10.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	7,167.000	keV	⁹⁵Rh	⁹⁵Pd > [ 100 % , β+ , 7,167.0 keV ] > ⁹⁵Rh						100.000'000	%	⁹⁵Mo
Isotope_046_pd_96_u	Unstable	⁹⁶Pd	Boson	46	p	50	n	0	1	95.918'164'359'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-76.229'409'000'0	MeV	8.490'499'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.87E-6	year	121.980	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	2,428.000	keV	⁹⁶Rh	⁹⁶Pd > [ 100 % , β+ , 2,428.0 keV ] > ⁹⁶Rh						?	%	⁹⁶Mo
Isotope_046_pd_97_u	Unstable	⁹⁷Pd	Fermion	46	p	51	n	5/2	1	96.916'479'073'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-77.799'242'000'0	MeV	8.502'361'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.02E-6	year	190.020	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	3,768.000	keV	⁹⁷Rh	⁹⁷Pd > [ 100 % , β+ , 3,768.0 keV ] > ⁹⁷Rh						100.000'000	%	⁹⁷Mo
Isotope_046_pd_98_u	Unstable	⁹⁸Pd	Boson	46	p	52	n	0	1	97.912'720'902'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-81.299'957'000'0	MeV	8.533'685'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.36E-5	year	1.060	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	852.700	keV	⁹⁸Rh	⁹⁸Pd > [ 100 % , β+ , 852.7 keV ] > ⁹⁸Rh						100.000'000	%	⁹⁸Ru
Isotope_046_pd_99_u	Unstable	⁹⁹Pd	Fermion	46	p	53	n	5/2	1	98.911'767'833'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-82.187'735'000'0	MeV	8.537'982'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.06E-5	year	1.280	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	2,364.000	keV	⁹⁹Rh	⁹⁹Pd > [ 100 % , β+ , 2,364.0 keV ] > ⁹⁹Rh						100.000'000	%	⁹⁹Ru
Isotope_046_pd_100_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁰Pd	Boson	46	p	54	n	0	1	99.908'505'886'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-85.226'218'000'0	MeV	8.563'700'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.95E-3	year	313.978	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	ϵ	358.000	keV	¹⁰⁰Rh	¹⁰⁰Pd > [ 100 % , ϵ , 358.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁰Rh						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁰Ru
Isotope_046_pd_101_u	Unstable	¹⁰¹Pd	Fermion	46	p	55	n	5/2	1	100.908'289'242'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-85.428'021'000'0	MeV	8.560'823'000'0	MeV	0.663'000'000'0	nm	-		9.66E-4	year	30.499	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	957.800	keV	¹⁰¹Rh	¹⁰¹Pd > [ 100 % , β+ , 957.8 keV ] > ¹⁰¹Rh						100.000'000	%	¹⁰¹Ru
Isotope_046_pd_102_s	Stable	¹⁰²Pd	Boson	46	p	56	n	0	1	101.905'608'544'0	u	1.020'000	%	1.039'437'207'1	-87.925'075'000'0	MeV	8.580'505'000'0	MeV	-		-		-				?	%	2β+	-871.430	keV	¹⁰²Rh	¹⁰²Pd > [ ? % , 2β+ , -871.43 keV ] > ¹⁰²Rh						?	%	¹⁰²Ru
Isotope_046_pd_103_u	Unstable	¹⁰³Pd	Fermion	46	p	57	n	5/2	1	102.906'087'307'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-87.479'110'000'0	MeV	8.571'231'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.65E-2	year	1.468	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	ϵ	543.075	keV	¹⁰³Rh	¹⁰³Pd > [ 100 % , ϵ , 543.075 keV ] > ¹⁰³Rh						100.000'000	%	¹⁰³Ru
Isotope_046_pd_104_s	Stable	¹⁰⁴Pd	Boson	46	p	58	n	0	1	103.904'035'834'0	u	11.140'000	%	11.574'909'591'9	-89.390'045'000'0	MeV	8.584'799'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_046_pd_105_s	Stable	¹⁰⁵Pd	Fermion	46	p	59	n	5/2	1	104.905'084'920'0	u	22.330'000	%	23.425'305'462'6	-88.412'828'000'0	MeV	8.570'602'000'0	MeV	-0.642'000'000'0	nm	0.660'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_046_pd_106_s	Stable	¹⁰⁶Pd	Boson	46	p	60	n	0	1	105.903'485'715'0	u	27.330'000	%	28.943'422'645'9	-89.902'478'000'0	MeV	8.579'945'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_046_pd_107_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁷Pd	Fermion	46	p	61	n	5/2	1	106.905'133'481'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-88.367'594'000'0	MeV	8.560'847'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.66E+6	years	210.174	tera-seconds ( x¹² )	100.000'000	%	β-	34.150	keV	¹⁰⁷Ag	¹⁰⁷Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 34.15 keV ] > ¹⁰⁷Ag						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁷Ag
Isotope_046_pd_108_s	Stable	¹⁰⁸Pd	Boson	46	p	62	n	0	1	107.903'891'701'0	u	26.460'000	%	28.551'369'744'1	-89.524'304'000'0	MeV	8.567'024'000'0	MeV	-		-		-
Isotope_046_pd_109_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁹Pd	Fermion	46	p	63	n	5/2	1	108.905'950'451'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-87.606'591'000'0	MeV	8.544'883'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.56E-3	year	49.324	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,116.080	keV	¹⁰⁹Ag	¹⁰⁹Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 1,116.08 keV ] > ¹⁰⁹Ag						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁹Ag
Isotope_046_pd_110_s	Stable	¹¹⁰Pd	Boson	46	p	64	n	0	1	109.905'153'254'0	u	11.720'000	%	12.880'883'961'4	-88.349'175'000'0	MeV	8.547'328'000'0	MeV	-		-		-				?	%	2β-	2,003.800	keV	¹¹⁰Cd	¹¹⁰Pd > [ ? % , 2β- , 2,003.8 keV ] > ¹¹⁰Cd						?	%	¹¹⁰Cd
Isotope_046_pd_111_u	Unstable	¹¹¹Pd	Fermion	46	p	65	n	5/2	1	110.907'670'734'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.004'158'000'0	MeV	8.521'914'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.43E-5	year	1.398	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,216.600	keV	¹¹¹Ag	¹¹¹Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 2,216.6 keV ] > ¹¹¹Ag						100.000'000	%	¹¹¹Cd
Isotope_046_pd_112_u	Unstable	¹¹²Pd	Boson	46	p	66	n	0	1	111.907'314'058'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.336'399'000'0	MeV	8.520'857'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.40E-3	year	75.710	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	288.100	keV	¹¹²Ag	¹¹²Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 288.1 keV ] > ¹¹²Ag						100.000'000	%	¹¹²Cd
Isotope_046_pd_113_u	Unstable	¹¹³Pd	Fermion	46	p	67	n	5/2	1	112.910'152'908'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-83.692'028'000'0	MeV	8.493'477'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.95E-6	year	93.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,340.600	keV	¹¹³Ag	¹¹³Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 3,340.6 keV ] > ¹¹³Ag						100.000'000	%	¹¹³In
Isotope_046_pd_114_u	Unstable	¹¹⁴Pd	Boson	46	p	68	n	0	1	113.910'362'638'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-83.496'665'000'0	MeV	8.488'060'000'0	MeV	-		-		4.60E-6	year	145.020	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,452.100	keV	¹¹⁴Ag	¹¹⁴Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 1,452.1 keV ] > ¹¹⁴Ag						?	%	¹¹⁴Sn
Isotope_046_pd_115_u	Unstable	¹¹⁵Pd	Fermion	46	p	69	n	5/2	1	114.913'683'824'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-80.403'000'000'0	MeV	8.457'535'000'0	MeV	-		-		7.92E-7	year	25.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,584.000	keV	¹¹⁵Ag	¹¹⁵Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 4,584.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁵Ag						100.000'000	%	¹¹⁵Sn
Isotope_046_pd_116_u	Unstable	¹¹⁶Pd	Boson	46	p	70	n	0	1	115.914'158'662'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-79.960'691'000'0	MeV	8.450'393'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.74E-7	year	11.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,607.000	keV	¹¹⁶Ag	¹¹⁶Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 2,607.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁶Ag						100.000'000	%	¹¹⁶Sn
Isotope_046_pd_117_u	Unstable	¹¹⁷Pd	Fermion	46	p	71	n	5/2	1	116.917'841'338'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-76.530'301'000'0	MeV	8.417'833'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.36E-7	year	4.300	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,735.000	keV	¹¹⁷Ag	¹¹⁷Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 5,735.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁷Ag						100.000'000	%	¹¹⁷Sn
Isotope_046_pd_118_u	Unstable	¹¹⁸Pd	Boson	46	p	72	n	0	1	117.918'984'300'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-75.465'639'000'0	MeV	8.405'874'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.02E-8	year	1.900	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,100.000	keV	¹¹⁸Ag	¹¹⁸Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 4,100.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁸Ag						100.000'000	%	¹¹⁸Sn
Isotope_046_pd_119_u	Unstable	¹¹⁹Pd	Fermion	46	p	73	n	?	0	118.923'110'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-71.623'000'000'0	MeV	8.371'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.92E-8	year	920.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,935.000	keV	¹¹⁹Ag	¹¹⁹Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 6,935.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁹Ag						100.000'000	%	¹¹⁹Sn
Isotope_046_pd_120_u	Unstable	¹²⁰Pd	Boson	46	p	74	n	0	1	119.924'691'878'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-70.149'064'000'0	MeV	8.355'993'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.58E-8	year	500.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,500.000	keV	¹²⁰Ag	¹²⁰Pd > [ 100 % , β- , 5,500.0 keV ] > ¹²⁰Ag						100.000'000	%	¹²⁰Sn	0.003'000	%	¹¹⁹Sn
Isotope_046_pd_121_u	Unstable	¹²¹Pd	Fermion	46	p	75	n	?	0	120.928'870'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-66.257'000'000'0	MeV	8.321'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.27E-8	year	400.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	8,404.000	keV	¹²¹Ag	¹²¹Pd > [ ? % , β- , 8,404.0 keV ] > ¹²¹Ag						?	%	¹²⁰Sn	?	%	¹²¹Sb
Isotope_046_pd_122_u	Unstable	¹²²Pd	Boson	46	p	76	n	0	1	121.930'550'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-64.692'000'000'0	MeV	8.307'8.307'8.307'8.307	MeV	-		-		9.51E-9	year	300.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	6,539.000	keV	¹²²Ag	¹²²Pd > [ ? % , β- , 6,539.0 keV ] > ¹²²Ag						?	%	¹²¹Sb	?	%	¹²²Te
Isotope_046_pd_123_u	Unstable	¹²³Pd	Fermion	46	p	77	n	?	0	122.934'930'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-60.612'000'000'0	MeV	8.272'8.272'8.272'8.272	MeV	-		-		6.34E-9	year	200.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	9,343.000	keV	¹²³Ag	¹²³Pd > [ ? % , β- , 9,343.0 keV ] > ¹²³Ag						?	%	¹²³Sb	?	%	¹²²Te
Isotope_046_pd_124_u	Unstable	¹²⁴Pd	Boson	46	p	48	n	0	1	123.936'880'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-58.796'000'000'0	MeV	8.255'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-9	year	100.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	7,676.000	keV	¹²⁴Ag	¹²⁴Pd > [ ? % , β- , 7,676.0 keV ] > ¹²⁴Ag						?	%	¹²³Sb	?	%	¹²⁴Te

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