GERMANIUM, Ge (32)

Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grey-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbours tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Unlike silicon, it is too reactive to be found naturally on Earth in the free (native) state.

ELEMENT BRIEF

1886 by Clemens Winkler, Germany.

DISCOVERY

Latin, 'Germania' meaning 'Germany'.

ETYMOLOGY

Germanium

ELEMENT

Ge

SYMBOL

32

ATOMIC NUMBER

7440-56-4

CAS NUMBER

ELEMENTAL SPECTRUM

Grey

ELEMENTAL COLOUR

-

REFRACTIVE INDEX

-

POISSON RATIO

13.641 cm³

MOLAR VOLUME

-

BRINELL HARDNESS

6.00

MOHS HARDNESS

-

VICKERS HARDNESS

5,400 m/s, Mach 15.743'4

SPEED OF SOUND

-

BULK MODULUS

-

SHEAR MODULUS

-

YOUNG MODULUS

ALLOTROPES

1,211.45 K, 938.30 °C

MELTING POINT

3,093.15 K, 2,820.00 °C

BOILING POINT

-

AUTOMATIC IGNITION

-

FLASHPOINT

-

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

-

CRITICAL PRESSURE

60.000'000 W/(m K)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

0.000'006'0 K¯¹

THERMAL EXPANSION

321.40 J/(kg K)

SPECIFIC HEAT

31.800 kJ/mol

HEAT FUSION

334.000 kJ/mol

HEAT VAPORISATION

536.000 J/(kg K)

HEAT COMBUSTION

-

CURIE POINT

-

NEEL POINT

-

ADIABATIC INDEX

Solid

PHASE

Semiconductor

ELECTRICAL TYPE

2.00k S/m

CONDUCTIVITY

500.00μ Ω.m

RESISTIVITY

-

SUPERCONDUCTING POINT

Diamagnetic

MAGNETIC TYPE

-0.000'000'001'5

MASS SUSCEPTIBILITY

-0.000'000'000'109'00

MOLAR SUSCEPTIBILITY

-0.000'007'980'00

VOLUME SUSCEPTIBILITY

Metalloid

CLASSIFICATION

72.612'758'2

ATOMIC WEIGHT

125 pm

ATOMIC RADIUS

121 pm

COVALENT RADIUS SINGLE BOND

111 pm

COVALENT RADIUS DOUBLE BOND

114

COVALENT RADIUS TRIPLE BOND

211 pm

VAN DER WAALS RADIUS

[Ar]4s²3d¹⁰4p²

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Cubic, Diamond

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

5.323'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS SOLID

-

DENSITY AS LIQUID

-

DENSITY AS GAS

Fm_3m

SPACE GROUP NAME

225

SPACE GROUP NUMBER

π/2, π/2 π/2

LATTICE ANGLES

565.75, 565.75 565.75 pm

LATTICE CONSTANTS

4

VALENCE

2.01

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

118.94 kJ/mol

ELECTRON AFFINITY

IONISATION ENERGY