RHODIUM, Rh (45)

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ATOMIC ARCHITECTURE

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Rhodium

···

OVERVIEW

RHODIUM

Rh (45)

ˈrəʊdiəm

PHONETICS

IDENTIFICATION

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white, hard, and chemically inert transition metal. It is a member of the platinum group and has one naturally occurring isotope, 103Rh and is usually found as the free metal or alloyed with similar metals with a chemical compound of minerals such as bowieite and rhodplumsite. It is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals.

ELEMENT BRIEF

1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, England.

DISCOVERY

Ancient Greek, ῥόδον (rhódon, 'rose').

ETYMOLOGY

Rhodium

ELEMENT

Rh

SYMBOL

45

ATOMIC NUMBER

7440-16-6

CAS NUMBER

PHYSICAL

ELEMENTAL SPECTRUM

Silver

ELEMENTAL COLOUR

-

REFRACTIVE INDEX

0.260

POISSON RATIO

8.266 cm³

MOLAR VOLUME

1.10G Pa, 10.856'2k Atm

BRINELL HARDNESS

6.00

MOHS HARDNESS

1.25G Pa, 12.297'1k Atm

VICKERS HARDNESS

4,700 m/s, Mach 13.702'6

SPEED OF SOUND

380.00G Pa, 3.750'3M Atm

BULK MODULUS

150.00G Pa, 1.480'4M Atm

SHEAR MODULUS

275.00G Pa, 2.714'0M Atm

YOUNG MODULUS

ALLOTROPES

NONE

THERMODYNAMIC

2,237.15 K, 1,964.00 °C

MELTING POINT

3,968.15 K, 3,695.00 °C

BOILING POINT

-

AUTOMATIC IGNITION

-

FLASHPOINT

-

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

-

CRITICAL PRESSURE

150.000'000 W/(m K)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

0.000'008'2 K¯¹

THERMAL EXPANSION

240.00 J/(kg K)

SPECIFIC HEAT

21.700 kJ/mol

HEAT FUSION

495.000 kJ/mol

HEAT VAPORISATION

-

HEAT COMBUSTION

-

CURIE POINT

-

NEEL POINT

-

ADIABATIC INDEX

Solid

PHASE

ELECTROMAGNETIC

Conductor

ELECTRICAL TYPE

23.00M S/m

CONDUCTIVITY

43.00n Ω.m

RESISTIVITY

-

SUPERCONDUCTING POINT

Paramagnetic

MAGNETIC TYPE

0.000'000'013'2

MASS SUSCEPTIBILITY

0.000'000'001'358'00

MOLAR SUSCEPTIBILITY

0.000'164'300'00

VOLUME SUSCEPTIBILITY

STRUCTURE

Transition Metal

CLASSIFICATION

102.905'504'3

ATOMIC WEIGHT

173 pm

ATOMIC RADIUS

125 pm

COVALENT RADIUS SINGLE BOND

110 pm

COVALENT RADIUS DOUBLE BOND

106 pm

COVALENT RADIUS TRIPLE BOND

195 pm

VAN DER WAALS RADIUS

[Kr]5s¹4d⁸

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Cubic, Face-centred

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

12.450'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS SOLID

10.700'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS LIQUID

-

DENSITY AS GAS

Fm_3m

SPACE GROUP NAME

225

SPACE GROUP NUMBER

π/2, π/2 π/2

LATTICE ANGLES

380.34, 380.34 380.34 pm

LATTICE CONSTANTS

REACTIVITY

6

VALENCE

2.28

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

100.28 kJ/mol

ELECTRON AFFINITY

IONISATION ENERGY

ELEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION

0.000'000'1 %

UNIVERSE

0.000'018 %

METEORITES

0.000'000'2 %

SUN

0.000'000'92 %

EARTH CRUST

-

OCEANS

-

HUMANS

ISOTOPES

Stable

HALF LIFE

Stable

LIFETIME

4d⁸ = 4, 2, 0, -1/2

QUANTUM NUMBERS

4.600'00 b σ_s

NEUTRON CROSS SECTION

144.800'00 b σ_a

NEUTRON MASS ABSORPTION

STABLE ISOTOPES

UNSTABLE ISOTOPES

ISOTOPIC CHAIN

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment	Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_045_rh_89_u	Unstable	⁸⁹Rh	Boson	45	p	44	n	7/2	1	88.948'837'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-47.658'000'000'0	MeV	8.211'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	3.17E-10	year	10.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β+	10,833.000	keV	⁸⁹Ru	⁸⁹Rh > [ ? % , β+ , 10,833.0 keV ] > ⁸⁹Ru						?	%	⁸⁹Y	?	%	⁸⁸Sr
Isotope_045_rh_90_u	Unstable	⁹⁰Rh	Fermion	45	p	45	n	0	1	89.942'870'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-53.216'000'000'0	MeV	271.000'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	4.75E-10	year	15.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	11,069.000	keV	⁹⁰Ru	⁹⁰Rh > [ 100 % , β+ , 11,069.0 keV ] > ⁹⁰Ru	β+p	?	keV	⁸⁹Tc	⁹⁰Rh > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁸⁹Tc	100.000'000	%	⁹⁰Zr	?	%	⁸⁹Y
Isotope_045_rh_91_u	Unstable	⁹¹Rh	Boson	45	p	46	n	7/2	1	90.936'550'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-59.103'000'000'0	MeV	8.334'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	5.51E-8	year	1.740	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	8,533.000	keV	⁹¹Ru	⁹¹Rh > [ 100 % , β+ , 8,533.0 keV ] > ⁹¹Ru	β+p	?	keV	⁹⁰Tc	⁹¹Rh > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁹⁰Tc	100.013'800	%	⁹¹Zr	?	%	⁹⁰Zr
Isotope_045_rh_92_u	Unstable	⁹²Rh	Fermion	45	p	47	n	6	1	91.931'980'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-63.360'000'000'0	MeV	8.377'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.36E-7	year	4.300	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	10,026.000	keV	⁹²Ru	⁹²Rh > [ 100 % , β+ , 10,026.0 keV ] > ⁹²Ru	β+p	?	keV	⁹¹Tc	⁹²Rh > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁹¹Tc	?	%	⁹¹Zr	?	%	⁹²Zr
Isotope_045_rh_93_u	Unstable	⁹³Rh	Boson	45	p	48	n	9/2	1	92.925'740'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-69.173'000'000'0	MeV	8.437'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	4.40E-7	year	13.900	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	7,071.000	keV	⁹³Ru	⁹³Rh > [ 100 % , β+ , 7,071.0 keV ] > ⁹³Ru	β+p	?	keV	⁹²Tc	⁹³Rh > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁹²Tc	100.000'000	%	⁹³Nb	?	%	⁹²Zr
Isotope_045_rh_94_u	Unstable	⁹⁴Rh	Fermion	45	p	49	n	?	0	93.921'698'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-72.938'000'000'0	MeV	8.473'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	2.24E-6	year	70.620	seconds ( x⁰ )	98.000'000	%	β+	8,608.000	keV	⁹⁴Ru	⁹⁴Rh > [ 98 % , β+ , 8,608.0 keV ] > ⁹⁴Ru	β+p	?	keV	⁹³Tc	⁹⁴Rh > [ , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁹³Tc	98.000'000	%	⁹⁴Mo	1.800'000	%	⁹³Nb
Isotope_045_rh_95_u	Unstable	⁹⁵Rh	Boson	45	p	50	n	9/2	1	94.915'898'740'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-78.339'819'000'0	MeV	8.525'362'000'0	MeV	-		-	9.54E-6	year	301.020	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,088.000	keV	⁹⁵Ru	⁹⁵Rh > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,088.0 keV ] > ⁹⁵Ru						100.000'000	%	⁹⁵Mo
Isotope_045_rh_96_u	Unstable	⁹⁶Rh	Fermion	45	p	51	n	6	1	95.914'460'631'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-79.679'409'000'0	MeV	8.534'586'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.87E-5	year	589.980	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	5,370.000	keV	⁹⁶Ru	⁹⁶Rh > [ 100 % , β+ , 5,370.0 keV ] > ⁹⁶Ru						?	%	⁹⁶Mo
Isotope_045_rh_97_u	Unstable	⁹⁷Rh	Boson	45	p	52	n	9/2	1	96.911'336'797'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-82.589'242'000'0	MeV	8.559'808'000'0	MeV	-		-	5.83E-5	year	1.840	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	2,500.800	keV	⁹⁷Ru	⁹⁷Rh > [ 100 % , β+ , 2,500.8 keV ] > ⁹⁷Ru						100.000'000	%	⁹⁷Mo
Isotope_045_rh_98_u	Unstable	⁹⁸Rh	Fermion	45	p	53	n	2	1	97.910'708'158'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-83.174'815'000'0	MeV	8.560'799'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.66E-5	year	523.020	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	4,027.500	keV	⁹⁸Ru	⁹⁸Rh > [ 100 % , β+ , 4,027.5 keV ] > ⁹⁸Ru						100.000'000	%	⁹⁸Ru
Isotope_045_rh_99_u	Unstable	⁹⁹Rh	Boson	45	p	54	n	1/2	-1	98.908'132'104'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-85.574'394'000'0	MeV	8.580'093'000'0	MeV	-		-	4.41E-2	year	1.390	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	β+	1,020.380	keV	⁹⁹Ru	⁹⁹Rh > [ 100 % , β+ , 1,020.38 keV ] > ⁹⁹Ru						100.000'000	%	⁹⁹Ru
Isotope_045_rh_100_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁰Rh	Fermion	45	p	55	n	1	-1	99.908'121'550'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-85.584'225'000'0	MeV	8.575'103'000'0	MeV	-		-	2.37E-3	year	74.916	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	2,612.600	keV	¹⁰⁰Ru	¹⁰⁰Rh > [ 100 % , β+ , 2,612.6 keV ] > ¹⁰⁰Ru						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁰Ru
Isotope_045_rh_101_u	Unstable	¹⁰¹Rh	Boson	45	p	56	n	1/2	-1	100.906'163'625'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-87.408'021'000'0	MeV	8.588'173'000'0	MeV	-		-	3.17E+0	years	100.038	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	100.000'000	%	ϵ	541.700	keV	¹⁰¹Ru	¹⁰¹Rh > [ 100 % , ϵ , 541.7 keV ] > ¹⁰¹Ru						100.000'000	%	¹⁰¹Ru
Isotope_045_rh_102_u	Unstable	¹⁰²Rh	Fermion	45	p	57	n	?	0	101.906'843'196'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.775'004'000'0	MeV	8.576'900'000'0	MeV	0.450'000'000'0	nm	-	5.67E-1	year	17.902	mega-seconds ( x⁶ )	78.000'000	%	β+	1,300.840	keV	¹⁰²Ru	¹⁰²Rh > [ 78 % , β+ , 1,300.84 keV ] > ¹⁰²Ru	β-	1,150.070	keV	¹⁰²Pd	¹⁰²Rh > [ , β- , 1,150.07 keV ] > ¹⁰²Pd	78.000'000	%	¹⁰²Ru
Isotope_045_rh_103_s	Stable	¹⁰³Rh	Boson	45	p	58	n	1/2	-1	102.905'504'292'0	u	100.000'000	%	102.905'504'292'0	-88.022'185'000'0	MeV	8.584'100'000'0	MeV	-0.088'400'000'0	nm	-	-
Isotope_045_rh_104_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁴Rh	Fermion	45	p	59	n	1	1	103.906'655'518'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.949'825'000'0	MeV	8.568'858'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.34E-6	year	42.300	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,440.220	keV	¹⁰⁴Pd	¹⁰⁴Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 2,440.22 keV ] > ¹⁰⁴Pd	β+	116.850	keV	¹⁰⁴Ru	¹⁰⁴Rh > [ , β+ , 116.85 keV ] > ¹⁰⁴Ru	100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁴Pd
Isotope_045_rh_105_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁵Rh	Boson	45	p	60	n	7.2	1	104.905'693'821'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-87.845'641'000'0	MeV	8.572'651'000'0	MeV	4.452'000'000'0	nm	-	4.03E-3	year	127.302	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	567.190	keV	¹⁰⁵Pd	¹⁰⁵Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 567.19 keV ] > ¹⁰⁵Pd						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁵Pd
Isotope_045_rh_106_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁶Rh	Fermion	45	p	61	n	1	1	105.907'287'135'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.361'478'000'0	MeV	8.553'920'000'0	MeV	2.575'000'000'0	nm	-	9.44E-7	year	29.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,541.000	keV	¹⁰⁶Pd	¹⁰⁶Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 3,541.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁶Pd						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁶Pd
Isotope_045_rh_107_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁷Rh	Boson	45	p	62	n	7/2	1	106.906'748'423'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-86.863'285'000'0	MeV	8.554'099'000'0	MeV	-		-	4.13E-5	year	1.302	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	1,504.300	keV	¹⁰⁷Pd	¹⁰⁷Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 1,504.3 keV ] > ¹⁰⁷Pd						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁷Ag
Isotope_045_rh_108_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁸Rh	Fermion	45	p	63	n	1	1	107.908'728'018'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-85.019'304'000'0	MeV	8.532'555'000'0	MeV	-		-	5.32E-7	year	16.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,505.000	keV	¹⁰⁸Pd	¹⁰⁸Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 4,505.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁸Pd						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁸Pd
Isotope_045_rh_109_u	Unstable	¹⁰⁹Rh	Boson	45	p	64	n	7/2	1	108.908'737'289'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-85.010'668'000'0	MeV	8.528'244'000'0	MeV	-		-	2.53E-6	year	79.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,595.000	keV	¹⁰⁹Pd	¹⁰⁹Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 2,595.0 keV ] > ¹⁰⁹Pd						100.000'000	%	¹⁰⁹Ag
Isotope_045_rh_110_u	Unstable	¹¹⁰Rh	Fermion	45	p	65	n	?	1	109.911'136'411'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-82.775'901'000'0	MeV	8.503'774'000'0	MeV	-		-	9.03E-7	year	28.500	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,573.300	keV	¹¹⁰Pd	¹¹⁰Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 5,573.3 keV ] > ¹¹⁰Pd						?	%	¹¹⁰Cd
Isotope_045_rh_111_u	Unstable	¹¹¹Rh	Boson	45	p	66	n	7/2	1	110.911'585'913'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-82.357'192'000'0	MeV	8.496'106'000'0	MeV	-		-	3.49E-7	year	11.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	3,647.000	keV	¹¹¹Pd	¹¹¹Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 3,647.0 keV ] > ¹¹¹Pd						100.000'000	%	¹¹¹Cd
Isotope_045_rh_112_u	Unstable	¹¹²Rh	Fermion	45	p	67	n	1	1	111.914'394'159'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-79.741'327'000'0	MeV	8.468'958'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.08E-7	year	3.400	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,595.100	keV	¹¹²Pd	¹¹²Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 6,595.1 keV ] > ¹¹²Pd						100.000'000	%	¹¹²Cd
Isotope_045_rh_113_u	Unstable	¹¹³Rh	Boson	45	p	68	n	7/2	1	112.915'530'627'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-78.682'714'000'0	MeV	8.456'070'000'0	MeV	-		-	8.87E-8	year	2.800	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	5,009.300	keV	¹¹³Pd	¹¹³Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 5,009.3 keV ] > ¹¹³Pd						100.000'000	%	¹¹³In
Isotope_045_rh_114_u	Unstable	¹¹⁴Rh	Fermion	45	p	69	n	1	1	113.918'806'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-75.631'725'000'0	MeV	8.425'932'000'0	MeV	-		-	5.86E-8	year	1.850	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	7,865.000	keV	¹¹⁴Pd	¹¹⁴Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 7,865.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁴Pd	β-n	-11.000	keV	¹¹³Pd	¹¹⁴Rh > [ , β-n , -11.0 keV ] > ¹¹³Pd	?	%	¹¹³In	?	%	¹¹⁴Sn
Isotope_045_rh_115_u	Unstable	¹¹⁵Rh	Boson	45	p	70	n	7/2	1	114.920'334'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-74.208'402'000'0	MeV	8.410'472'000'0	MeV	-		-	3.14E-8	year	990.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,195.000	keV	¹¹⁵Pd	¹¹⁵Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 6,195.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁵Pd						100.000'000	%	¹¹⁵Sn
Isotope_045_rh_116_u	Unstable	¹¹⁶Rh	Fermion	45	p	71	n	1	1	115.924'062'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-70.735'792'000'0	MeV	8.377'612'000'0	MeV	-		-	2.15E-8	year	680.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	9,225.000	keV	¹¹⁶Pd	¹¹⁶Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 9,225.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁶Pd	β-n	1,596.000	keV	¹¹⁵Pd	¹¹⁶Rh > [ , β-n , 1,596.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁵Pd	100.000'000	%	¹¹⁶Sn	?	%	¹¹⁵Sn
Isotope_045_rh_117_u	Unstable	¹¹⁷Rh	Boson	45	p	72	n	?	1	116.925'980'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-68.949'000'000'0	MeV	88.360'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	1.39E-8	year	440.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	7,581.000	keV	¹¹⁷Pd	¹¹⁷Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 7,581.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁷Pd						100.000'000	%	¹¹⁷Sn
Isotope_045_rh_118_u	Unstable	¹¹⁸Rh	Fermion	45	p	73	n	?	1	117.930'070'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-68.949'000'000'0	MeV	8.325'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	9.82E-9	year	310.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	10,326.000	keV	¹¹⁸Pd	¹¹⁸Rh > [ 100 % , β- , 10,326.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁸Pd						100.000'000	%	¹¹⁸Sn
Isotope_045_rh_119_u	Unstable	¹¹⁹Rh	Boson	45	p	74	n	?	0	118.932'110'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-65.139'000'000'0	MeV	8.307'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	9.51E-9	year	300.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	8,383.000	keV	¹¹⁹Pd	¹¹⁹Rh > [ ? % , β- , 8,383.0 keV ] > ¹¹⁹Pd						?	%	¹¹⁹Sn
Isotope_045_rh_120_u	Unstable	¹²⁰Rh	Fermion	45	p	75	n	?	0	119.936'410'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-122.473'000'000'0	MeV	8.272'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	6.34E-9	year	200.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	10,915.000	keV	¹²⁰Pd	¹²⁰Rh > [ ? % , β- , 10,915.0 keV ] > ¹²⁰Pd						?	%	¹²⁰Sn	?	%	¹¹⁹Sn
Isotope_045_rh_121_u	Unstable	¹²¹Rh	Boson	45	p	76	n	7/2	1	120.938'720'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-57.082'000'000'0	MeV	8.252'000'000'0	MeV	-		-	3.17E-9	year	100.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	9,180.000	keV	¹²¹Pd	¹²¹Rh > [ ? % , β- , 9,180.0 keV ] > ¹²¹Pd						?	%	¹²⁰Sn	?	%	¹²¹Sb
Isotope_045_rh_122_u	Unstable	¹²²Rh	Fermion	45	p	77	n	?	0	121.943'210'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-57.082'000'000'0	MeV	-52.900'000'000'0	MeV	-8.216'8.216'8.216'8.216	nm	-	1.58E-9	year	50.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	11,793.000	keV	¹²²Pd	¹²²Rh > [ ? % , β- , 11,793.0 keV ] > ¹²²Pd						?	%	¹²¹Sb	?	%	¹²²Te

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