Copper, Cu (29)

HYDROGEN TO OGANESSON

ATOMIC ARCHITECTURE

Spectrograph

Elemental Tile

Copper Crystals on Sulfate

···

OVERVIEW

COPPER

Cu (29)

ˈkɑː.pɚ

PHONETICS

IDENTIFICATION

Copper is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; a freshly exposed surface has a reddish-orange colour. It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys.

ELEMENT BRIEF

Circa 9,000 BCE.

DISCOVERY

Latin, 'cuprum' meaning the island of 'Cyprus'.

ETYMOLOGY

Copper

ELEMENT

Cu

SYMBOL

29

ATOMIC NUMBER

7440-50-8

CAS NUMBER

PHYSICAL

ELEMENTAL SPECTRUM

Copper

ELEMENTAL COLOUR

-

REFRACTIVE INDEX

0.340

POISSON RATIO

7.124 cm³

MOLAR VOLUME

874.00M Pa, 8.625'7k Atm

BRINELL HARDNESS

3.00

MOHS HARDNESS

369.00M Pa, 3.641'7k Atm

VICKERS HARDNESS

3,570 m/s, Mach 10.408'2

SPEED OF SOUND

140.00G Pa, 1.381'7M Atm

BULK MODULUS

48.00G Pa, 473.723'2k Atm

SHEAR MODULUS

130.00G Pa, 1.283'0M Atm

YOUNG MODULUS

ALLOTROPES

NONE

THERMODYNAMIC

1,357.77 K, 1,084.62 °C

MELTING POINT

3,200.15 K, 2,927.00 °C

BOILING POINT

-

AUTOMATIC IGNITION

-

FLASHPOINT

-

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

-

CRITICAL PRESSURE

400.000'000 W/(m K)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

0.000'016'5 K¯¹

THERMAL EXPANSION

384.40 J/(kg K)

SPECIFIC HEAT

13.100 kJ/mol

HEAT FUSION

300.000 kJ/mol

HEAT VAPORISATION

-

HEAT COMBUSTION

631.00 K, 357.85 °C

CURIE POINT

-

NEEL POINT

-

ADIABATIC INDEX

Solid

PHASE

ELECTROMAGNETIC

Conductor

ELECTRICAL TYPE

59.00M S/m

CONDUCTIVITY

17.00n Ω.m

RESISTIVITY

-

SUPERCONDUCTING POINT

Diamagnetic

MAGNETIC TYPE

-0.000'000'001'1

MASS SUSCEPTIBILITY

-0.000'000'000'068'60

MOLAR SUSCEPTIBILITY

-0.000'009'630'00

VOLUME SUSCEPTIBILITY

STRUCTURE

Transition Metal

CLASSIFICATION

63.545'640'1

ATOMIC WEIGHT

145 pm

ATOMIC RADIUS

112 pm

COVALENT RADIUS SINGLE BOND

115 pm

COVALENT RADIUS DOUBLE BOND

120 pm

COVALENT RADIUS TRIPLE BOND

186 pm

VAN DER WAALS RADIUS

[Ar]4s¹3d¹⁰

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Cubic, Face-centred

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

8.920'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS SOLID

8.020'00 g/cm³

DENSITY AS LIQUID

-

DENSITY AS GAS

Fm_3m

SPACE GROUP NAME

225

SPACE GROUP NUMBER

π/2, π/2 π/2

LATTICE ANGLES

361.49, 361.49 361.49 pm

LATTICE CONSTANTS

REACTIVITY

2

VALENCE

1.9

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

119.24 kJ/mol

ELECTRON AFFINITY

IONISATION ENERGY

ELEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION

0.000'006 %

UNIVERSE

0.011 %

METEORITES

0.000'05 %

SUN

0.006'8 %

EARTH CRUST

0.000'000'3 %

OCEANS

0.000'01 %

HUMANS

ISOTOPES

Stable

HALF LIFE

Stable

LIFETIME

3d¹⁰ = 3, 2, +2, -1/2

QUANTUM NUMBERS

8.030'00 b σ_s

NEUTRON CROSS SECTION

3.780'00 b σ_a

NEUTRON MASS ABSORPTION

STABLE ISOTOPES

UNSTABLE ISOTOPES

ISOTOPIC CHAIN

Isotope	Stability	Symbol	Type	Protons		Neutrons		Spin	Parity	Mass		Abundance		Mass Measure	Mass Excess		Binding Energy		Dipole Moment		Quadrupole Moment		Halflife in Years		Halflife in Seconds		A01 Decay Probability		A01 Decay Mode	A01 Decay Energy		A01 Decay Daughter	A01 Decay Link	A02 Decay Probability		A02 Decay Mode	A02 Decay Energy		A02 Decay Daughter	A02 Decay Link	Y01 Decay Product Yield		Y01 Decay Product Nuclide	Y02 Decay Product Yield		Y02 Decay Product Nuclide	Y03 Decay Product Yield		Y03 Decay Product Nuclide
Isotope_029_cu_52_u	Unstable	⁵²Cu	Fermion	29	p	23	n	3	1	51.997'180'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-2.627'000'000'0	MeV	7.686'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		?				?	%	p	1,523.000	keV	⁵¹Ni	⁵²Cu > [ ? % , p , 1,523.0 keV ] > ⁵¹Ni								?	%	⁵¹V
Isotope_029_cu_53_u	Unstable	⁵³Cu	Boson	29	p	24	n	3/2	-1	52.985'550'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-13.460'000'000'0	MeV	7.897'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.51E-15	year	300.000	nano-seconds ( x⁻⁹ )	?	%	p	1,905.000	keV	⁵¹Ni	⁵³Cu > [ ? % , p , 1,905.0 keV ] > ⁵¹Ni	?	%	β+	14,888.000	keV	⁵³Ni	⁵³Cu > [ ? % , β+ , 14,888.0 keV ] > ⁵³Ni	?	%	⁵¹V	?	%	⁵³Cr	?	%	⁵²Cr
Isotope_029_cu_54_u	Unstable	⁵⁴Cu	Fermion	29	p	25	n	3	1	53.976'710'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-21.694'000'000'0	MeV	8.053'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.38E-15	year	75.000	nano-seconds ( x⁻⁹ )	?	%	p	387.000	keV	⁵³Ni	⁵⁴Cu > [ ? % , p , 387.0 keV ] > ⁵³Ni								?	%	⁵³Cr	?	%	⁵²Cr
Isotope_029_cu_55_u	Unstable	⁵⁵Cu	Boson	29	p	26	n	3/2	-1	54.966'050'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-31.624'000'000'0	MeV	8.234'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.27E-9	year	40.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β+	12,689.000	keV	⁵⁵Ni	⁵⁵Cu > [ ? % , β+ , 12,689.0 keV ] > ⁵⁵Ni	?	%	p	298.000	keV	⁵⁴Ni	⁵⁵Cu > [ ? % , p , 298.0 keV ] > ⁵⁴Ni	?	%	⁵⁵Mn	?	%	⁵⁴Cr
Isotope_029_cu_56_u	Unstable	⁵⁶Cu	Fermion	29	p	27	n	4	1	55.958'560'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-38.601'000'000'0	MeV	8.355'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.95E-9	year	93.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	14,281.000	keV	⁵⁶Ni	⁵⁶Cu > [ 100 % , β+ , 14,281.0 keV ] > ⁵⁶Ni	0.400'000	%	β+p	?	keV	⁵⁵Co	⁵⁶Cu > [ 0.4 % , β+p , ? keV ] > ⁵⁵Co	100.000'000	%	⁵⁶Fe	0.400'000	%	⁵⁵Mn
Isotope_029_cu_57_u	Unstable	⁵⁷Cu	Boson	29	p	28	n	3/2	-1	56.949'211'078'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-47.309'576'000'0	MeV	8.503'274'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.22E-9	year	196.300	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	7,750.200	keV	⁵⁷Ni	⁵⁷Cu > [ 100 % , β+ , 7,750.2 keV ] > ⁵⁷Ni								100.000'000	%	⁵⁷Fe
Isotope_029_cu_58_u	Unstable	⁵⁸Cu	Fermion	29	p	29	n	1	1	57.944'538'499'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-51.662'055'000'0	MeV	8.570'869'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.02E-7	year	3.204	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	7,543.440	keV	⁵⁸Ni	⁵⁸Cu > [ 100 % , β+ , 7,543.44 keV ] > ⁵⁸Ni								?	%	⁵⁸Fe
Isotope_029_cu_59_u	Unstable	⁵⁹Cu	Boson	29	p	30	n	3/2	-1	58.939'498'028'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-56.357'224'000'0	MeV	8.641'981'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.58E-6	year	81.480	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	3,776.227	keV	⁵⁹Ni	⁵⁹Cu > [ 100 % , β+ , 3,776.227 keV ] > ⁵⁹Ni								100.000'000	%	⁵⁹Co
Isotope_029_cu_60_u	Unstable	⁶⁰Cu	Fermion	29	p	31	n	2	1	59.937'365'030'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-58.344'099'000'0	MeV	8.665'585'000'0	MeV	1.219'000'000'0	nm	-		4.50E-5	year	1.420	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	5,105.780	keV	⁵⁰Ni	⁶⁰Cu > [ 100 % , β+ , 5,105.78 keV ] > ⁵⁰Ni								100.000'000	%	⁶⁰Ni
Isotope_029_cu_61_u	Unstable	⁶¹Cu	Boson	29	p	32	n	3/2	-1	60.933'457'821'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-61.983'640'000'0	MeV	8.715'507'000'0	MeV	2.140'000'000'0	nm	-		3.80E-4	year	11.988	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β+	1,215.050	keV	⁶¹Ni	⁶¹Cu > [ 100 % , β+ , 1,215.05 keV ] > ⁶¹Ni								100.000'000	%	⁶¹Ni
Isotope_029_cu_62_u	Unstable	⁶²Cu	Fermion	29	p	33	n	1	1	61.932'583'745'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-62.797'837'000'0	MeV	8.718'249'000'0	MeV	-0.380'000'000'0	nm	-		1.84E-5	year	580.398	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β+	2,926.060	keV	⁶²Ni	⁶²Cu > [ 100 % , β+ , 2,926.06 keV ] > ⁶²Ni								100.000'000	%	⁶²Ni
Isotope_029_cu_63_s	Stable	⁶³Cu	Boson	29	p	34	n	3/2	-1	62.929'597'474'0	u	69.170'000	%	43.528'402'572'8	-65.579'531'000'0	MeV	8.752'134'000'0	MeV	2.223'290'000'0	nm	-0.211'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_029_cu_64_u	Unstable	⁶⁴Cu	Fermion	29	p	35	n	1	1	63.929'764'183'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-65.424'243'000'0	MeV	8.739'070'000'0	MeV	-0.217'000'000'0	nm	-		1.45E-3	year	45.684	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	61.000'000	%	β+	652.834	keV	⁶⁴Ni	⁶⁴Cu > [ 61 % , β+ , 652.834 keV ] > ⁶⁴Ni	39.000'000	%	β-	579.353	keV	⁶⁴Zn	⁶⁴Cu > [ 39 % , β- , 579.353 keV ] > ⁶⁴Zn	61.000'000	%	⁶⁴Ni
Isotope_029_cu_65_s	Stable	⁶⁵Cu	Boson	29	p	36	n	3/2	-1	64.927'789'485'0	u	30.830'000	%	20.017'237'498'2	-67.263'661'000'0	MeV	8.757'096'000'0	MeV	2.381'670'000'0	nm	-0.195'000'000'0	b	-
Isotope_029_cu_66_u	Unstable	⁶⁶Cu	Fermion	29	p	37	n	1	1	65.928'868'813'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-66.258'274'000'0	MeV	8.731'472'000'0	MeV	-0.282'000'000'0	nm	-		9.73E-6	year	307.020	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,641.150	keV	⁶⁶Zn	⁶⁶Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 2,641.15 keV ] > ⁶⁶Zn								100.000'000	%	⁶⁶Zn
Isotope_029_cu_67_u	Unstable	⁶⁷Cu	Boson	29	p	38	n	3/2	-1	66.927'730'314'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-67.318'779'000'0	MeV	8.737'447'000'0	MeV	-		-		7.05E-3	year	222.601	kilo-seconds ( x³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	561.660	keV	⁶⁷Zn	⁶⁷Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 561.66 keV ] > ⁶⁷Zn								100.000'000	%	⁶⁷Zn
Isotope_029_cu_68_u	Unstable	⁶⁸Cu	Fermion	29	p	39	n	1	1	67.929'610'889'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-65.567'035'000'0	MeV	8.701'890'000'0	MeV	-		-		9.85E-7	year	31.100	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,440.190	keV	⁶⁸Zn	⁶⁸Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 4,440.19 keV ] > ⁶⁸Zn								100.000'000	%	⁶⁸Zn
Isotope_029_cu_69_u	Unstable	⁶⁹Cu	Boson	29	p	40	n	3/2	-1	68.929'429'269'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-65.736'213'000'0	MeV	8.695'203'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.42E-6	year	171.000	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	2,681.760	keV	⁶⁹Zn	⁶⁹Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 2,681.76 keV ] > ⁶⁹Zn								100.000'000	%	⁶⁹Ga
Isotope_029_cu_70_u	Unstable	⁷⁰Cu	Fermion	29	p	41	n	6	-1	69.932'392'343'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-62.976'127'000'0	MeV	8.646'861'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.41E-6	year	44.500	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,588.520	keV	⁷⁰Zn	⁷⁰Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 6,588.52 keV ] > ⁷⁰Zn								?	%	⁷⁰Ge
Isotope_029_cu_71_u	Unstable	⁷¹Cu	Boson	29	p	42	n	3/2	-1	70.932'676'833'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-62.711'127'000'0	MeV	8.635'022'000'0	MeV	-		-		6.15E-7	year	19.400	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	4,615.800	keV	⁷¹Zn	⁷¹Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 4,615.8 keV ] > ⁷¹Zn								100.000'000	%	⁷¹Ge
Isotope_029_cu_72_u	Unstable	⁷²Cu	Fermion	29	p	43	n	1	1	71.935'820'307'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-59.782'999'000'0	MeV	8.586'525'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.09E-7	year	6.600	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	8,348.380	keV	⁷²Zn	⁷²Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 8,348.38 keV ] > ⁷²Zn								100.000'000	%	⁷²Ge
Isotope_029_cu_73_u	Unstable	⁷³Cu	Boson	29	p	44	n	3/2	-1	72.936'675'282'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-58.986'595'000'0	MeV	8.568'557'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.33E-7	year	4.200	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	6,423.700	keV	⁷³Zn	⁷³Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 6,423.7 keV ] > ⁷³Zn	?	%	β-n	1,073.470	keV	⁷²Zn	⁷³Cu > [ ? % , β-n , 1,073.47 keV ] > ⁷²Zn	100.000'000	%	⁷³Ge	?	%	⁷²Ge
Isotope_029_cu_74_u	Unstable	⁷⁴Cu	Fermion	29	p	45	n	1	1	73.939'874'862'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-56.006'205'000'0	MeV	8.521'562'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.05E-8	year	1.594	seconds ( x⁰ )	100.000'000	%	β-	9,702.700	keV	⁷⁴Zn	⁷⁴Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 9,702.7 keV ] > ⁷⁴Zn								100.000'000	%	⁷⁴Ge
Isotope_029_cu_75_u	Unstable	⁷⁵Cu	Boson	29	p	46	n	3/2	-1	74.941'900'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-54.119'802'000'0	MeV	8.490'407'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.88E-8	year	1.224	seconds ( x⁰ )	96.000'000	%	β-	8,349.000	keV	⁷⁵Zn	⁷⁵Cu > [ 96 % , β- , 8,349.0 keV ] > ⁷⁵Zn	3.500'000	%	β-n	3,518.000	keV	⁷⁴Zn	⁷⁵Cu > [ 3.5 % , β-n , 3,518.0 keV ] > ⁷⁴Zn	96.000'000	%	⁷⁵As	3.500'000	%	⁷⁴Ge
Isotope_029_cu_76_u	Unstable	⁷⁶Cu	Fermion	29	p	47	n	?	0	75.945'275'026'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-50.975'985'000'0	MeV	8.443'527'000'0	MeV	-		-		2.03E-8	year	641.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	97.000'000	%	β-	11,160.700	keV	⁷⁶Zn	⁷⁶Cu > [ 97 % , β- , 11,160.7 keV ] > ⁷⁶Zn	3.000'000	%	β-n	3,421.700	keV	⁷⁵Zn	⁷⁶Cu > [ 3 % , β-n , 3,421.7 keV ] > ⁷⁵Zn	97.000'000	%	⁷⁶Se	3.000'000	%	⁷⁵As
Isotope_029_cu_77_u	Unstable	⁷⁷Cu	Boson	29	p	48	n	3/2	-1	76.947'850'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-48.577'000'000'0	MeV	8.408'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.49E-8	year	469.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	10,145.000	keV	⁷⁷Zn	⁷⁷Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 10,145.0 keV ] > ⁷⁷Zn								100.000'000	%	⁷⁷Se
Isotope_029_cu_78_u	Unstable	⁷⁸Cu	Fermion	29	p	49	n	?	0	77.951'960'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-44.749'000'000'0	MeV	8.354'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		1.08E-8	year	342.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	100.000'000	%	β-	12,594.000	keV	⁷⁸Zn	⁷⁸Cu > [ 100 % , β- , 12,594.0 keV ] > ⁷⁸Zn								100.000'000	%	⁷⁸Se
Isotope_029_cu_79_u	Unstable	⁷⁹Cu	Boson	29	p	50	n	3/2	-1	78.954'560'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-42.327'000'000'0	MeV	8.320'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		5.96E-11	year	1.880	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	55.000'000	%	β-n	6,944.000	keV	⁷⁸Zn	⁷⁹Cu > [ 55 % , β-n , 6,944.0 keV ] > ⁷⁸Zn	45.000'000	%	β-	11,092.000	keV	⁷⁹Zn	⁷⁹Cu > [ 45 % , β- , 11,092.0 keV ] > ⁷⁹Zn	55.624'650	%	⁷⁸Se	44.550'000	%	⁷⁹Br
Isotope_029_cu_80_u	Unstable	⁸⁰Cu	Fermion	29	p	51	n	?	0	79.960'870'000'0	u	~ 0	%	~ 0	-36.449'000'000'0	MeV	8.243'000'000'0	MeV	-		-		3.17E-9	year	100.000	milli-seconds ( x⁻³ )	?	%	β-	15,395.000	keV	⁸⁰Zn	⁸⁰Cu > [ ? % , β- , 15,395.0 keV ] > ⁸⁰Zn								?	%	⁷⁸Se	?	%	⁷⁹Br	?	%	⁸⁰Kr

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